Hyperstimulants (Hallucinogens)
Hyperstimulants (hallucinogens) - the materials stimulating mainly a cerebral cortex, unlike the stimulants reacting in basic on the deckman part of a brain and, except that, invoking numerous peripheric effects. Capable at their method even in small doses (it is frequent milligrammes) to invoke hallucinations. In pharmacology them often designate psychotomimetics, i.e. Agents at which action there are short-term (”modelling”) psychoses.
Hashish effective agents, atropine and similar materials, and also benzine, acetone are capable to render hallucinative action also. However their ability to invoke hallucination is found at the use considerably the big doses, and, besides, not always hallucinations are a leading symptom in a clinical pattern of an intoxication these materials.
At the expense of promoting effect localisation, its level can be ready above, rather than at classical stimulants that result ins to “acid” effects – to appearance of a visual echo, “patterns”, in dependence of intensity of influence or on concentration of attention, etc.
The hallucinosis begins that colouring of surrounding subjects seems improbably bright, notes – loud and saturated, there is a subjective sensation of an exacerbation of all sense bodys (”a perception intensification”). There are synesthesia: heard notes are accompanied by colour sensations, music is accepted as “music”. Visual and acoustical illusions, and also in some cases – the derealization and depersonalisation phenomena Further join. Emotional disturbances are thus various. Euphoria, sometimes-alarm and pavor or bewilderment sometimes prevails. The behaviour during hallucinations also happens unequal-from passive contemplation to the critical attitude to awake defensive or aggressive actions with full loss of criticism. Similar actions can represent danger to the certain moments as for the most hallucinating, so in not smaller degree and for associates. Among somatic distresses sympathicotonia signs (wide pupils, a quick pulse, a muscular tremor) more often prevail. The hallucinosis routinely educes in half an hour-hours after hallucinogen method. Duration depends on the used material and its dose-from 1-2 h about one days and more. The posthallucinative asthenic state is routinely expressed unsharply and shortly. In this season willingly tell about endured, share impressions with associates, Among complications, except made mention aggression and an autoaggression, there are spontaneous relapses of a hallucinosis (without repeated method of a hallucinogen), development of a hallucinogenic paranoid and hallucinogenic depression. Method of hallucinogens can provoke the first attack of schizophrenia and affective psychoses.
Hyperstimulants are rather safe in application, routinely do not invoke the phenomena of dependence and other adverse effects of long order. Nevertheless, their application can have and obvious negative psychologic consequences.
As a rule, hallucinogens are used incidentally-off and on. Regular, almost everyday, methods of these agents with development of constant gravitation to a hallucinosis, something similar to mental dependence, at teenagers are very rare. However last years among some teenage bunches to regular enough abuse by Cyclodolum the tendency was outlined in small doses which invoke original euphoria (overexcitement, sensation of hyperactivity), but are still incapable to invoke a delirium. In similar cases probably occurrence of predilection for Cyclodolum, similar to mental dependence, also becomes lawful the toxicomania diagnosis. But even at similar abuse by Cyclodolum teenagers pass to other stupefying agents. Probably also the spontaneous termination of intoxications. As it has been told earlier, in the USA concerning LSD at some persons nonperishable enough mental dependence-acid freaks – “acid odd fellows” at whom hallucinoses start to compound the basic meaning of the life is noted. At adults cases of a serious toxicomania with ascending of tolerance to 30 tablets on 0,002 on method are described. Thus signs of a psychoorganic syndrome-infringement of memory, attention, ingenuity quickly educe. Having rummaged in the use result ins to the phenomena of an abstinence which shows alarm and pavor or spitefully-melancholy mood, the general muscular tremor, pains in muscles and knuckles.
Treatment develops of cupping of a hallucinosis or a delirium by means of psychotropic drugs, a desintoxication and psychotherapy. For hallucinosis or delirium cupping resort to Sibazonum intravenous injections more often (Seduxenum, Relanium, than Diazepamum), is more rare – to aminazine injections intramusculary. About their utilisation it is specified at the description of separate kinds of a delirium. A desintoxication is carried out by means of the nonspecific agents described in the head. 6. Earlier, when with a view of a desintoxication introduced intramusculary Sulfozinum (1 % solution of the cleared sulphur in a peach oil), pyrexial reaction invoked by this agent sometimes involved relapse of a delirium without repeated method of a hallucinogen.
As it has already been specified, since 1989 it is an agent it is withdrawn from the use in our country. The psychotherapy is most shown in the form of rational individual. When the teenager himself has tolerated an acute psychosis and it has appeared the witness of chronic psychoses at the next patients it represents optimum object to this season for psychotherapy – is more acquisitive to explanations of harm threatening to it in case of repeated abuses. If during the present epoch in some part of teenage population the subjective price of somatic health pavor for ever it is necessary to “go mad” still effective enough has fallen. Prophylaxis, first of all, consists in preventing access of hallucinogens to arms of teenagers. In our country till now it has not been registered any case of abuse by teenagers LSD as similar drugs are inaccessible to them. From teenagers it was necessary to hear that they used LSD. However at careful finding-out of circumstances and inquiry about experiences it appeared that or the similar statement was simply demonstrative boasting, or Cyclodolum or Dimedrol, besides in small doses was used, and described experiences were or imaginations, or – obtained from the literature. Teenagers can get Cyclodolum from sick of schizophrenia to which it is ordered as the proof-reader at treatment by neuroleptics. Relatives of such patients should watch the expense of the yielded medicine. It is necessary to avoid, that at the patient on arms its appreciable quantity collected. Concerning prophylactic lectures and conversations about harm of hallucinogens it is necessary to observe extra care. They are expedient only in those bunches of teenagers among which a grass-snake abuse by these materials or any information on them in these bunches have been noted has already arrived and has invoked obvious interest. In the general population of teenagers similar lectures and the conversations especially propagated by mass media, can cause desire to experiment, test unusual experiences.