Mushrooms-hallucinogens
Mushrooms-hallucinogens now carry To hallucinogenic mushrooms about 25 kinds and of them of 75 % are compounded by representatives of a stem a psilocybe (psilocybe), for example p.caerulescens, p.semilanceata, p.pelliculosa, p.cubensis. All mushrooms of a stem a psilocybe are edible though do not differ excellent taste. In these mushrooms the basic psychoactive materials are a psilocybine, a serotonin are tryptamin bonds.
Approximately a dozen, types of mushrooms meet in Europe. The most usual – “freedom cap” (psilocibe semilanceata). In Russia it also is known under the name “psilocybe”. Possibly, it is the most widespread kind. In psilocybe semilanceata in approximately identical proportions contain a psilocybine. Psilocybe “the bald head” means in a Greek way, semilanceata consists of two Latin roots semi – (floor-) and lancea (spear). Here such Greek-Latin word-combination name in the scientific world this mushroom. It has received this name because of a characteristic peaked piece on a cap. It is difficult for confusing with any other mushroom. Toadstools fragile enough also are scattered in arms as russules. Psilocybe elastic enough and reminds a human flesh, than a mushroom more. The leg dense, thin, sometimes bluish, happens routinely in the length from 3 to 10 sm, at young copies a straight line, at older curls. A cap in diameter of 0.3-2.0 sm, blades dark. Cap edges always are bent inside though at some adult copies the cap happens almost flat (it more likely an exception, than a rule). Colouring routinely golden, but is varied largely. Even at series of growing mushrooms it is possible to meet tints from pesochno-beige to dark brown. Its colour depends on many causes, such as humidity, a soil type, concomitant plants. Often semilanceata pieces grow bunches, till 10-20. It grows from September till November, up to the first frosts. Prefers to grow among a grass on manured cattle glades, in wet places, on knolls, on raflux surfaces.
In fresh mushrooms except enough stable psilocybine less stable material which is not conserved at drying contains, for the account of that fresh mushrooms are stronger”than the dry.
Mushrooms-hallucinogens at the use invoke a sense of euphoria replaced long visual and auditory hallucinations. Dependence on mushrooms result ins to destruction of cells of a brain and negatively affects intelligence.
Separate kinds of mushrooms-hallucinogens of eurysynusic Russia in terrain. Mushrooms of a stem a psilocybe – saprophytes. They settle on the bedrock, the died off branches and caulises of plants, meet on the sawdust, many dwell on peat moss bogs, peat, dung. Meet in wood on wood humus. Characteristic feature of many mushrooms – a habitation on boggy bedrock. And collect them on the majority in the serotinal autumn.
The bunch of mushrooms-hallucinogens, is similar on influence to LSD. Some kinds of fly-agarics and mushrooms enter into it from a stem a psilocybe. At Celts their use was a part of national culture. Scandinavians used such mushrooms for reduction of soldiers in a state of uncontrollable fury. Shamans of Siberia applied beverages from fly-agarics to fall into a trance.
The mechanism with which help the psilocybine invokes hallucinations, is unknown till now to a science. Hаиболее it is necessary to consider as the general signs of exhibiting of their action:
1. Changes of visual perception: “deliquescence”, “motility”, “breath” of the surfaces, an unusual colouring and the forms, the raised imagination. “Discovering new, hidden before the reality sides”.
2. Changes of acoustical perception: hypersensitivity to notes, change of musical sensation, sense of speech. Sensation of “an intrinsic voice”.
3. Change of touch and sense of a body: a cold sense or heat, sensation of that the body proportions, the raised dermal sensitivity vary.
4. A flavour reversion and olfactions.
5. Change of ideational activity: consciousness dilating, an exacerbation of associative thinking, intuition, penetrating emotional experiences. A reconstruction in the smallest details of emotionally significant experiences of the past, including a birth and even an antenatal life. Mystical revelations are attributed also.
The border between intrinsic “I” and an external world is blasted. Surrounding subjects revive and start moving. The logic thinking retreats on a background. The person hardly can coherently think. Dialogue with other people becomes inadequate. The understanding of speech does not worsen, but to tell something reasonable the person not in a state. Experiences of horror, vital melancholy, senselessness of life, attacks of uncontrollable aggressiveness, cases of suicides and murders are described during intoxication and the subsequent some days. Sometimes – sensation of superhappiness, affinity to god, inexplicable delight. It is remarkable that euphoria does not include an appreciable mode a somatic component of pleasure, and to experiences even strong affects in most cases there does not correspond a motor performance.
In mushrooms-hallucinogens the material a psilocybine which is the most widespread narcotic contains. In the end of summer narcomaniacs eat hallucinogenic mushrooms crude directly in wood. In “not a season” pulpify soup or weld up dry mushrooms in the form of tea.
On the Chinese stone reliefs of an epoch of Han there is plotting of the mythical jackrabbit living on the Moon and pounding there an elixir of immortality. The jackrabbit holds in pads a magic mushroom чжи, precisely not identified till now. It is rather probable that it was any poisonous fungus which was considered supernatural because of narcotic properties.
American Indian shamans, using these mushrooms, enter into the variated state of consciousness, being in which, they communicate with spirits, predict the future, cure people, in a word, are engaged in all to that it is necessary to do to the shaman. That fact is interesting that on American Indian beliefs cures the person of illness the shaman can to yield a hallucinogenic medicine to the patient, can use him, or both, both the shaman and the patient use a medicine. In other words, the concept of a medicine of American Indian outlook differs from European, it can accept both the patient, and the doctor.